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	ثوابت العلاقات التونسية الامريكية وافاقها في ظل رؤى المحافظين الجدد للمنطقة العربية
الهوامش [1] The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution. May 20, 1990. COLIN CAMPBELL'S DIARY from Washington. Lost in the White House. CAMPBELL, COLIN. [2] The Australian. North Africa helps US head off militants. January 23, 2004. [3] Ben Yahya, Habib. “The Place of the Maghreb in US-Arab Relations” American Arab Affairs Vol. 13 (summer 1985): 34-37. [4] Laskier, Michael. “Israel and the Maghreb at the Height of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: 1950s-1970s” Middle East Review of International Affairs Vol. 4/No. 2 (June 2000). http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2000/issue2/jv4n2a7.html. [5] “Indeed, in May 1965, Tunisian foreign minister Habib Bourguiba Jr. (the president’s son) came to Washington in search of financial support for Tunisia’s four-year economic development plan. The State Department prodded the Israelis to “convince” the Germans and the French to grant Tunisia $20 million in aid, and for Israel to purchase Tunisian wine. The Israelis intervened on behalf of Tunisia without prior coordination with Tunis. It was hoped that despite Tunisia’s relatively marginal role in inter-Arab affairs, Bourguiba might enlist the help of moderate Arab leaders and together they would foil or sabotage Egyptian and Syrian Arab unity efforts.” أنظر المرجع السابق [6] JA/L’Intelligent No. 2245 du 18 au 24 janvier 2004. [7] The Orange County Register. MISSION TO KILL // THE ASSASSINATION OF THE NO. 2 MAN IN THE PLO. David Halevy; Neil C. Livingstone. 3 July 1988. “(…) Once the size and scope of Palestinian activities in Tunis became clear, Israeli intelligence operatives began a crash program to recruit Tunisian agents. Some were found abroad, others within Tunisia itself. Some Tunisian "assets," for whom greed was the incentive, were told the truth, that they were working for Israeli intelligence. High-ranking Tunisian officials were recruited under false pretenses, believing that they would be helping European intelligence services. And some Tunisians, resentful of the PLO presence in their country, volunteered their services to the Israelis.” تم تداول هذه التصريحات في مؤلفات لاحقة اهمها: Black, I. and Benny, M. Israel’s Secret Wars: a History of Israel’s Intelligence Services. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991. [8] Deeb, M. and Laipson, E. “Tunisian Foreign Policy: Continuity and Change Under Bourguiba and ben Ali” In Tunisia: The Political Economy Reform. Ed. William Zartman. London: 1991: 221-241. [9] Text of English translation of Tunisian President Bourguiba's 3/20/68 message to North Vietnamese President Ho Chi Minh. Cable. DEPARTMENT OF STATE. SECRET. Issue Date: Apr 24, 1968. Date Declassified: Feb 06, 1992. Unsanitized. Complete. 8 page(s). Reproduced in Declassified Documents Reference System. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group, 2003. Document Number: CK3100061774. [10] Borowiec, A. Modern Tunisia. A Democratic Apprenticeship. London: 1998: 109. [11] http://watch.pair.com/heritage.html; http://www.mediatransparency.org/search_results/info_on_any_recipient.php?153 [12] http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/HLonline_feith.cfm [13] Carafano, J. and Gardiner, N. “US Military Assistance for Africa: a Better Solution” http://www.heritage.org/Research/Africa/bg1697.cfm#pgfId-1073388 [14] في الموقع الالكتروني الرسمي للقيادة العسكرية الامريكية في اوروبا نجد التعريف التالي : “USEUCOM is a unified combatant command whose mission is to maintain ready forces to conduct the full spectrum of military operations unilaterally or in concert with the coalition partners; to enhance transatlantic security through support to NATO; to promote regional stability; and advance U.S. interests in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East." http://www.eucom.mil [15] “EUCOM has remained actively engaged in Africa, with mixed results. U.S. participation in recent peacekeeping operations in Liberia has been effective and appropriately limited. The command is also looking at establishing basing arrangements in countries like Tunisia and Morocco so that U.S. forces can deploy to the continent more effectively if American troops are required.” [16] في الملاحظة (14) للتقرير نقرأ ما يلي: “According to the EUCOM commander, these basing options would be "footprints with dirt strips and very low-level maintenance, but strategically in place. As you might imagine, a lot of those would be perhaps somewhere in Africa and the like. They have been called `lily pads.' That's not a bad visual term to explain the concept, as opposed to the massive, fixed base of the 20th century." Christopher Dickey, "Surrender Monkeys--Not: The NATO Commander Speaks Out," MSNBC, October 6, 2003, at http://www.msnbc.com/news/972918.asp#BODY.” [17] http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3087083/ [18] http://www.menewsline.com/stories/2003/december/12_16_3.html; http://www.uspolicy.be/issues/africa/africa_nonusgreports.asp. [19] http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/rumor/artikel.php?ID=35802 [20] The Wall Street Journal. In a Massive Shift, U.S. Plans To Reduce Troops in Germany. June 10, 2003. Greg Jaffe. “In Africa, virtually all of the facilities where the U.S. is looking at establishing a presence will require infrastructure improvements. In North Africa, Pentagon officials are looking at establishing semipermanent bases in Algeria, Morocco and possibly Tunisia. The U.S. expects to keep a small number of troops at these facilities and then rotate through a larger force.” [21] http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=37603; http://www.disinfopedia.org/wiki.phtml?title=US_military_presence_in_Ghana [22] من ابرز و اخر هذه الانباء هو ما ورد في مقال لعبدو معلاوي (وهو رجل امن سابق و معارض تونسي مقيم الان في كندا) صدر في النشرية الالكترونية تونسنيوز بتاريخ 18 جانفي 2004 يشير فيه الى بعض التفاصيل الاضافية التي وردت اليه من مصادر لم يعلن عنها حول إقامة قاعدة عسكرية امريكية في تونس [23] http://www.cfr.org/background/africa_terror.php [24] The Australian. North Africa helps US head off militants. January 23, 2004. [25] “The center of gravity for the last 50 years in the alliance has been in Western Europe, but the center of activity is, in my perspective, moving east, and I think it’s not an understatement to say that the geo-strategic center of interest for the foreseeable future has to be the greater Middle East. And therefore the U.S. footprint [deployment] legitimately has to adjust to be as supportive as possible. There’s also an emerging concern, not only for the alliance but for the United States, to our south. Africa is replete with ungoverned spaces for attracting the merchants of terrorism, radical fundamentalism, weapons of mass destruction and all kinds of criminality, and I think we’re going to see more of that.” http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3087083/ [26] Financial Times. Nato recruits Arab allies to stability effort JUNE SUMMIT. January 22, 2004. [27] Schweizerische Depeschenagentur AG (SDA)- Servizio di base in Italiano. Nato: alleanza pensa anche all'Africa. January 25, 2004. [28] AFP 21 decembre 2003; Oil & Gas Journal (16/12/2003) [29] Borowiec, A. Modern Tunisia… : 110. [30] يتعلق ذلك بالوثائق التالية و التي تحتاج في الواقع لدراسة منفردة: -Development of psychological operations to achieve U.S. policy and goals in French North Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco). Miscellaneous. WHITE HOUSE. SECRET. Issue Date: Mar 30, 1953. Date Declassified: Jul 15, 1985. Unsanitized. Incomplete. 49 page(s). Declassified Documents Reference System. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group, 2003. Document Number: CK3100217910 -Draft statement of U.S. policy on Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. Report. National Security Council. SECRET. Issue Date: Sep 17, 1956. Date Declassified: Feb 15, 1996. Unsanitized. Complete. 31 page(s). Declassified Documents Reference System. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group, 2003. Document Number: CK3100084191. - French-Tunisian conflict analyzed. Memorandum. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY. SECRET. Issue Date: Jul 22, 1961. Date Declassified: Mar 21, 1983. Unsanitized. Complete. 4 page(s). Declassified Documents Reference System. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group, 2003. Document Number: CK3100178342. -Summary of conversation between President Kennedy and Tunisian Secretary of State for the Presidency and for National Defense Bahi Ladgham regarding evacuation of French troops from Tunisia. Memo. Department of State. CONFIDENTIAL. Issue Date: Aug 2, 1961. Date Declassified: Jun 30, 1995. Unsanitized. Complete. 5 page(s). Declassified Documents Reference System. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group, 2003. Document Number: CK3100083006. [31] Chicago Tribune. April 18, 1999. U.S. ADMIRAL SAYS ITALY NOW UNFIT FOR AIR TRAINING. “With the United States strictly observing Italian rules on low-altitude flights since a Marine jet severed a ski gondola cable last year, killing 20 people, Italy is now unsuitable for some essential training, an American admiral said Friday. The admiral, Joseph Prueher, who disclosed part of a report on new flight rules that he wrote with Lt. Gen. Leonardo Tricarico of the Italian Air Force, said the United States is looking for other training sites, including in Tunisia and Morocco.” [32] Chicago Sun-Times. November 14, 1999. Navy base host to foreign sailors. DAVID SOUTHWELL. [33] The Buffalo News. June 24, 2002. NATO OFFICERS TRAINING AT FORT DRUM. WILLIAM KATES - Associated Press [34] Cape Cod Times. April 18, 1999. Changing of the Guard. ANNE BRENNANOTIS. [35] http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/08/20010822-7.html http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/08/20020814-4.html [36] http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Jun2003/n06262003_200306263.html [37] http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/11/20031106-11.html [38] http://www.elosboa.com/elosboa/issues/353/0400.asp [39] Washington Post. December 23, 2003. Foreign Policy Guru Tapped To Aid Rice, a Former Employee. Robin Wright; Washington Post Staff Writer. [40] New York Times. June 16, 2000. Bush’s Foreign Policy Tutor: An Academic in the Public Eye. Elaine Sciolino.